Regarding taxation - this requires a system of record keeping, a mechanism for collection, and the existence of coinage. I know that the Romans had coins but in the (presumably) less organised and centralised Anglo-Saxon society, was there a common coinage, and were the 'workers' paid in cash? Presumably even a slave would have an allowance for a minimum of personal needs. It seems that there was no equivalent of the modern village shop, so if a family didn't have the skill to bake its own bread or make a pair of shoes, how did it get them?
The term taxation when dealing with this period can be misleading when used to modern monetary systems. The taxes were generally paid in produce and goods (more like the later medieval church tithes). The Anglo-Saxon term
feorm was used for this 'food rent' and may well be the origin of our modern words 'farm' and 'farming'. Whilst undoubtedly some of this produce would have been sent to the lord or the king directly, much of it was supplied in situ, as the nobleman and his retinue would spend a certain amount of his time travelling to the villages on his manor, and would there literally live off this rent/tax before moving on to the next. Likewise, the king would go on tours of his noblemen's halls and the villages on his own lands and receive similar hospitality. As well as the economic significance, it also reinforced the bonds between the lord (whether king or nobleman) and his subjects. During these visits the lord would settle disputes, oversee trials, etc. In a way these might be seen as the first royal walkabouts, but the had a much more important socialogical and political significance than the simple PR exercises of today, they served (hopefully) to unite a small and warlike tribal kingdom, and cement the loyalty of the subjects to the overlords.
As mentioned before, little is known about the life of slaves in Anglo-Saxon England. Presumably they were fed an clothed by their owners, but what rights (if any) they had are unknown. Whether they were treated like the serfs of feudal England, much like freemen but without free right of movement, and with heavy labour, or whether they were as rightless as livestock is unclear. Later, after the advent of Christianity, on the feast of Michaelmas (I think, going just from memory here, so it may have been a different feast) they were entitled to a gift of coin and a sheep which they may have ben allowed to sell, or use as a feast. There are also later examples of slaves buying their own freedom or that of their families, but how similar pre-Christian era slavery was is unclear.
The exact economics of an early Anglo-Saxon village are unclear, and probably varied from place to place, so the following is a very generic explanation. As mentioned before, most villagers were primarily farmers of one kind or another, but most would also have other skills. It is likely that the parents taught the children the skills they had ,so certain families might become the village 'specialist' - baker, leatherworker, boneworker, etc. This said, most people would probably know the basics of most everyday skills, but if they needed something a bit more advance they would go to the village specialist and barter for the goods. Some skills, such as pottery, might be something found only in one village on an estate, so would be bartered between villages, not just familes. Other skills, such as spinning, weaving, carpentry, etc would be so widespread that most members of most families would know them (although many were gender specific).
Re coinage, this seems to appear in sixth and seventh century England as kings establish wider power bases and start modelling their kingship on the Roman pattern, including the issuing of formal coinage. Before this things seem to have been done with barter and bullion, rather than coins. Interestingly, even by the eleventh century it was still common to weigh coins to see they had the proper bullion value, suggesting the coin was a piece of kingly vanity and propoganda, and a convenient way to move seilver (and rarely gold) around.
